Biomedical Laboratory Science

Wednesday, April 20, 2016

Acid-Fast Stain Identifies Schistosoma Eggs

Schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes. The urinary tract or the intestines may be infected and signs and symptoms may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, or blood in the urine.

Microscopic identification of eggs in stool or urine is the most practical method for diagnosis. Stool examination is performed when infection with Schistosoma mansoni or S. japonicum is suspected, and urine examination should be performed if S. haematobium is suspected. Eggs can be present in the stool in infections with all Schistosoma species.

Scientists at the University of Lisbon examined whether the Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) stain, also known as the acid- fast stain, would be helpful in detection and identification of Schistosoma eggs. In histological sections, S. mansoni eggshells appear as ZN positive and S. haematobium shells as ZN negative. The staining target of the responsible ZN component (carbolfuchsin) in the shell is unknown and because carbolfuchsin is supposed to stain mycolic acids in the mycobacterial cell wall, unidentified substances in the eggshell were proposed as target. Fuchsin is a known nucleic acid stain, and it was already shown that mycobacteria with insufficiently retained carbolfuchsin may be invisible in bright-field microscopy; yet, they can be easily detected because of a strong red fluorescence when excited with green light.

Positive staining of Schistosoma mansoni eggs

Source: ganfyd

Tuesday, April 19, 2016

Novel Biomarker Predicts Breast Cancer Risk in Asymptomatic Women

A biomarker has been identified that may allow clinicians to predict the risk of an asymptomatic woman eventually developing breast cancer.

To identify this disease indicator, investigators at Harvard Medical School studied the association between breast cancer risk and the frequency of mammary epithelial cells expressing the proteins p27 (Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B), estrogen receptor (ER), and Ki67 (Marker of proliferation Ki-67) in normal breast tissue from 302 women (69 breast cancer cases, 233 controls) who had been initially diagnosed with benign breast disease.

Immunofluorescence assays for p27, ER, and Ki67 were performed on tissue microarrays constructed from benign biopsies containing normal mammary epithelium and scored by computational image analysis.

Source: gettyimages

Standardizing Immunoassays: The Benefits of Conformity

Interpreting results of immunoassay-based methods frequently presents a challenge for physicians, especially when caring for patients at multiple institutions that use different assay platforms. For many analytes including tumor markers, endocrine hormones, and cardiac biomarkers, results generated on different platforms are not directly comparable. This is due to the absence of a universally accepted reference material, which manufacturers need to calibrate their assays to a common standard.

Instead, test results must be interpreted using assay-specific reference intervals—a concept that comes naturally to clinical laboratorians but often is foreign to many physicians and patients. This lack of uniform results causes confusion that can adversely affect patient care, particularly when patients are diagnosed at one hospital but pursue follow-up care elsewhere. For example, does an increased CA-125 value at follow-up at a different institution reflect disease progression or simply differences in assay calibration? A lack of standardization also makes it impossible to transfer diagnostic cutoffs from one institution to another unless the assay platforms are identical.

Given the confusion associated with non-standardized assays, why haven’t all immunoassays already been standardized?

Source: alfa

Laboratorians Working with Nurses to Make Lab Systems Safer

Both nurses and laboratorians get frustrated with each other’s behavior. For example, nurses may not understand or follow certain procedures as outlined by the laboratory.

In a recent article published in Clinical Laboratory News, James Hernandez, M.D., Associate Professor of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and Medical Director and Chair of the Division of Laboratory Medicine at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale and Phoenix, Arizona, provides an overview of the working relationship between nurses and laboratory technicians.

Dr. Hernandez identifies fictional scenarios of nurses’ behavior that potentially could confound the laboratory and create conflict. He then analyzes each scenario to determine why nurse acted as he or she did and how to handles the situation effectively and gracefully.

Source: mayomedicallaboratories

Diabetes Testing on High-Throughput Analyzer Files for FDA Approval

The cobas c513 analyzer has been submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval as a dedicated, high-throughput HbA1c testing solution to help laboratories meet increasing testing needs for people with diabetes.

The cobas c513 analyzer from Roche (Basil, Switzerland) is based on the proven, trusted cobas technology developed in cooperation with Hitachi High-Technologies (HHT). The HbA1c test is a longer term measurement of blood sugar levels used to determine if a person has or is at risk of developing diabetes. Set to run on the established Tina-Quant HbA1c A1cDx Gen.3 test, which is also used across the Roche laboratory HbA1c portfolio, the cobas c513 will ensure high-quality results and comply with current guidelines and recommendations for HbA1c testing and measures A1c as defined by the IFCC.

cobas c513 features direct results reporting, thereby minimizing risk of result misinterpretation and eliminating the need to perform time-consuming, manual result interpretation. This feature will help save valuable time and laboratory resources, while ensuring high-quality results. Furthermore, cobas c513 will provide a higher on-board test capacity, enabling laboratories to load the analyzer with more tests at a time, save lab space, minimize resources, and ensure a smooth workflow.

The cobas c513 analyzer provides throughput of up to 400 HbA1c patient results/hour, closed

tube sampling (CTS), and is standardized according to IFCC transferable to DCCT/NGSP

Source: Roche

Monday, April 18, 2016

Rapid Detection of Urinary Biomarkers with Novel Optical Device

A compact optical device has been developed that can rapidly and sensitively detect biomarkers in urine and has promise for developing simple point-of-care diagnostics of cancer and other diseases.

Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are a newly discovered class of short, about 19 to 24 nucleotides in length, fragments of noncoding RNAs that are useful biomarkers for diagnosing various diseases, including cardiac disease and some cancers. Since they are surprisingly well preserved in fluids such as urine and blood, their detection is well suited to a rapid, point-of-care method.

Bioengineers at the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (Singapore) have devised a silicon photonic biosensor that can detect tiny changes in the phase of a light beam caused by hybridization between an immobilized DNA probe and target miRNAs in a sample. A laser beam travels through a waveguide, which splits into two arms: a sensing arm in which the light interacts with the sample and a reference arm.

Image: Schematic diagram of the MZI biosensor system for miRNA detection.

(a) TEM image of the cross section of a silicon nitride slot wave guide; SEM images of

(b) a strip-slot wave guide mode converter and (c) a silicon nitride grating coupler.

(d) Image of MZI biosensor platform

Source: Agency for Science, Technology and Research

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer had a low incidence several decades ago. However, it has become a predominant cancer and now accounts for approximately 10% of cancer-related mortality in western countries. The ‘rise’ of colorectal cancer in developed countries can be attributed to the increasingly ageing population, unfavourable modern dietary habits and an increase in risk factors, such as smoking, low physical exercise and obesity. New treatments for primary and metastatic colorectal cancer have emerged, providing additional options for patients; these treatments include laparoscopic surgery for primary disease, more-aggressive resection of metastatic disease (such as liver and pulmonary metastases), radiotherapy for rectal cancer, and neoadjuvant and palliative chemotherapies. However, these new treatment options have had limited impact on cure rates and long-term survival. For these reasons, and the recognition that colorectal cancer is long preceded by a polypoid precursor, screening programmes have gained momentum. This Primer provides an overview of the current state of the art of knowledge on the epidemiology and mechanisms of colorectal cancer, as well as on diagnosis and treatment.

Introduction

We live in an era with improved worldwide average living standards and increased access to adequate health care that has considerably improved the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. These measures have had an effect on the average life expectancy in most regions of the world. However, although death rates from communicable diseases have improved globally as a result of these medical improvements, cancer-related mortality has increased by almost 40% over the past 40 years. A further 60% increase is expected in the next 15 years, with 13 million people estimated to die of cancer in 2030. The main causes of cancer-related mortality have also changed, attributable to alterations in disease incidence, the introduction of screening programmes and therapeutic improvements. Colorectal cancer was rather rare in 1950, but has become a predominant cancer in western countries, now accounting for approximately 10% of cancer-related mortality. Reasons explaining this increased incidence include an ageing population and the preponderance of poor dietary habits, smoking, low physical activity and obesity in western countries. The change in incidence is not only apparent in the rates of sporadic disease but also in some familial cancer syndromes. Indeed, given that the rates of Helicobacter pyloriinfection (a causative factor of gastric cancer) have fallen dramatically, colorectal cancer is now the predominant presentation of Lynch syndrome (a hereditary non-polyposis type of colorectal cancer), whereas carriers of this syndrome used to be predominantly affected by gastric cancer.

The 2016 NHRC Summit !!!

Nepal Health Research Council celebrated 25 glorious years of its establishment on 11th April, 2016. The Second National Summit of the Health and Population Scientists in Nepal was held on 11th-12th April, 2016 as a continuum and part of Silver Jubilee celebration with the theme of “Health and Population Research for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in Nepal”. Health and Population Scientists as a group contributed immensely to promote evidence informed decision making process and it has been instrumental to achieve many of the goals of MDGs. Annual gathering and provision of platform for the scientists were phenomenal in sustaining the MDG achievements and to encourage achieving SDGs as unfinished agendas of the MDGs in the health sector.

Objectives of the Summit were:

To bring health and population scientists together to promote evidence informed decision-making process for optimal health and wellbeing of Nepalese people
To encourage health and population scientists and practitioners for responsible conduct of research on health and development
To discourse and find out the way forward on emerging health and population issues for strengthening national health system of Nepal for achieving SDGs

What’s new this year?

This year there were 27 thematic areas for oral and poster presentation in the Summit in order to have diversity in the scientific sessions and cater a wide group of audience.

Increase Vitamin Diet to Boost Your Immune System

Get more important vitamins on your plate

Want to fight off that illness that’s spreading around the office or your child’s school? Aside from practicing good hygiene, boosting your immune system is a great way to start.

Your diet plays a part in strengthening your immune system. Sadly, too many of us don’t eat enough of the fresh fruits, vegetables and other foods we need to keep ourselves healthy year-round. You can’t just eat an orange or grapefruit and expect one quick burst of vitamin C to prevent a cold. A truly healthy immune system depends on a balanced mix of vitamins and minerals over time, plus normal sleep patterns and a hefty dose of exercise.

With some exceptions, it’s best to get your vitamins and minerals from your food rather than in pill form. Here are some tips for getting the top vitamins your immune system needs to perform.

1. Vitamin C

You probably know about vitamin C’s connection to the immune system, but did you know you can get it from much more than just citrus fruits? Leafy green vegetables such as spinach and kale, bell peppers, brussels sprouts, strawberries and papaya are also excellent sources. In fact, vitamin C is in so many foods that most people may not need to take supplements unless a doctor advises it.

Source: health.clevelandclinic

Boosting Immunity With Fresh Vegetables

Change your lifestyle by adding immuneboosting vegetables into your diet. You all know the benefits of vegetables to your health. What’s more, they reduce your risk of diseases, like cancer and heart diseases.

So load your plate up with the following vegetables to help boost your immune system:

1. Mushrooms

Mushrooms has the ability to enhance the activity of natural killer T cells (NKT). NKTs remove and attack cells that are infected by viruses. They slow cancer or tumor growth, prevent DNA damage and tumors from acquiring a blood supply.

2. Asparagus

Asparagus has a natural diuretic ability that helps your body to flush out toxins. It contains glutathione, an antioxidant that can help lower your risk factor for cancer and heart diseases.

Asparagus is both anti-inflammatory and cleansing to the body. It’s useful for inflammatory conditions like irritable bowel syndrome and arthritis.

3. Carrots

Carrots are useful in preventing seasonal flu and colds. This is because they are rich in betacarotene that helps in boosting your immune system. It it best to eat raw carrots for the best immune system results. 4. Garlic Garlic has been used for years to fend off diseases. Studies have shown that people taking garlic supplements experienced few cold symptoms.

Source: exportersindia

Biomedical Laboratory Science